location的作用

location指令的作用是根据用户请求URI来执行不同的应用,location会根据用户请求网站URL进行匹配定位到某个location区块. 如果匹配成功将会处理location块的规则.

location的语法规则如下

location  =     /uri
   ┬      ┬       ┬
   │      │       │
   │      │       │
   │      │       │
   │      │       │
   │      │       └─────────────── 前缀|正则
   │      └──────────────────── 可选的修饰符（用于匹配模式及优先级）
   └───────────────────────── 必须

修饰符说明及优先级顺序

优先级表示优先匹配,可理解为编程当中的switch语法.

以下从上到下,第一个优先级最高.

=      |   location = /uri
^~     |   location ^~ /uri
~      |   location ~ pattern
~*     |   location ~* pattern
/uri   |   location /uri
@      |   location @err

1, = ,精确匹配,表示严格相等

location = /static {
  default_type text/html;
  return 200 "hello world";
}

# http://localhost/static   [成功]
# http://localhost/Static   [失败]

2, ^~ ,匹配以URI开头

location ^~ /static {
  default_type text/html;
  return 200 "hello world";
}

# http://localhost/static/1.txt    [成功]
# http://localhost/public/1.txt    [失败]

3, ~ ,对大小写敏感, 使用正则 注意：某些操作系统对大小写敏感是不生效的,比如windows操作系统

location ~ ^/static$ {
  default_type text/html;
  return 200 "hello world";
}

# http://localhost/static         [成功]
# http://localhost/static?v=1     [成功] 忽略查询字符串
# http://localhost/STATic         [失败]
# http://localhost/static/        [失败] 多了斜杠

4, ~* ,与~相反,忽略大小写敏感, 使用正则

location ~* ^/static$ {
  default_type text/html;
  return 200 "hello world";
}

# http://localhost/static         [成功]
# http://localhost/static?v=1     [成功] 忽略查询字符串
# http://localhost/STATic         [成功]
# http://localhost/static/        [失败] 多了斜杠

5, /uri ,匹配以/uri开头的地址

location  /static {
  default_type text/html;
  return 200 "hello world";
}

# http://localhost/static              [成功]
# http://localhost/STATIC?v=1          [成功]
# http://localhost/static/1            [成功]
# http://localhost/static/1.txt        [成功]

6, @ 用于定义一个 Location 块,且该块不能被外部 Client 所访问,只能被nginx内部配置指令所访问,比如 try_files or error_page

location  / {
  root   /root/;
  error_page 404 @err;
}
location  @err {
  # 规则
  default_type text/html;
  return 200 "err";
}

# 如果 http://localhost/1.txt 404,将会跳转到@err并输出err

理解优先级

注意：优先级不分编辑location前后顺序

server {
  listen      80;
  server_name  localhost;

  location  ~ .*\.(html|htm|gif|jpg|pdf|jpeg|bmp|png|ico|txt|js|css)$ {
    default_type text/html;
    return 200 "~";
  }

  location ^~ /static {
    default_type text/html;
    return 200 "^~";
  }

  location / {
    root   /Users/xiejiahe/Documents/nginx/nginx/9000/;
    error_page 404 @err;
  }

  location = /static {
    default_type text/html;
    return 200 "=";
  }

  location ~* ^/static$ {
    default_type text/html;
    return 200 "~*";
  }

  location @err {
    default_type text/html;
    return 200 "err";
  }
}

• 输出了 = ,因为 = 表示严格相等,而且优先级是最高
• =
• 输出 ^~ , 匹配前缀为 /static
• ^~

The End